Coffee constitutes one of the most important elements in human civilisation and one of the most crucial factors of its evolution.
It first appeared in Ethiopia from 575 A.D. until 850 A.D. and after reaching Arabia, Middle East and Europe, it ended up in the Modern World.
Coffee originates from the crop of an evergreen tree which flourishes in tropical and subtropical climates. Its crops resemble cherries and smell like jasmine.
The word coffee means beverage and derives from the Arabic word “qahwah”.
THE MYTH BEHIND THE DISCOVERY OF COFFEE:
Banesius, an 18th century writer, referred to the myth of the dancing goats according to which an Arab shepherd complained to the village imam that on some nights his goats would not sleep but danced all night.
Upon investigating the matter, the imam discovered that the animals had eaten some type of fleshy bush beans and decided to taste them himself. After boiling the beans in water, he drank the beverage and noticed that he could stay awake all night without a problem.
Originally, coffee became known among the religious communities and its consumption was limited to religious ceremonies, whereas it was also consumed after medical advice. However, it gradually spread and citizens began drinking it both in their own homes and publicly, thus making it known in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Northern Europe, Spain, Northern Africa and India in a relatively short span of time.
The first two coffee shops were created by a couple of Syrians in Constantinople in the 16th century and this soon spread in Europe.
Italy was one of the first European countries which imported coffee and by the end of the century several coffee shops had been opened at the square of Saint Marcus, where all the officials of Venice and other European cities used to spend their time.
COFFEE PRODUCTION COUNTRIES:
AFRICA:
Saint Helen, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Angola, Ghana, Gabon, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Kenya, Comoros, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Benin, Burundi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Ruanda, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Togo, Sudan, Tanzania, Yemen.
CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN:
Haiti, Guadeloupe, Guatemala Saint Dominique, El Salvador, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
SOUTH AMERICA:
Galapagos, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam
SOUTH PACIFIC & SOUTHEASTERN ASIA:
Australia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, French Polynesia, India, Indonesia, Sumara, Java, Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Papua, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Fiji, The Philippines, Hawaii.
COFFEE VARIETIES:
Two different coffee varieties can be found in the world:
-ARABICA coffee constitutes 75% of the global coffee production. The Arabica coffee plant requires special conditions and its superiority derives from its distinctiveness. It is cultivated exclusively in the area of Ecuador, on an altitude of between 800 and 2000 metres and on rich volcanic soil where the mean temperature is 20-25 degrees Celsius and without much sunshine.
-ROBUSTA coffee is cultivated more easily but its taste is more bitter, less scented and with greater concentration of caffeine, while it is used in blends.
ROASTING:
Roasting constitutes the most important process in the making of good quality coffee. It is a form of art which requires great experience and is learned through practice.
The ideal roasting depends on the condition of the beans, the temperature, as well as its duration. The usual roasting temperature ranges from 200 to 390 degrees Celsius, with a deviation of +/-20 degrees, in approximately 8-14 minutes using a conventional machine.
ROASTING TYPES:
LIGHT: Refers to fine quality beans originating from high altitude.
MEDIUM: (American roasting) brown without oily surfaces
VIENNESE: slightly darker than the medium one. The beans are slightly oiled with brown spots.
DARK: Cuban or Spanish, deep brown with some oil on the surface of the beans.
UPCOUNTRY: It is also known as double roasting. Its colour is very dark, similar to that of dark chocolate.
ITALIAN: Espresso, almost black and very oily. The taste of the roasting prevails over that of coffee.
IDEAL BEVERAGE: It is characterized by coffee with a discreet scent, fine colour, delicate taste and rich aroma.
COFFEE AND HEALTH:
Each coffee bean contains 2-3 % caffeine. Each cup of coffee contains approximately 60—90 grams. Caffeine supplies the human body with energy and stimulates the central nerve system. A lot of medicines contain caffeine. Caffeine overdose can cause problems of insomnia, tachycardia and restlessness. Pregnant women are advised to reduce coffee consumption to the minimum since caffeine can be transferred to the embryo.